Secondary production of species in multi-species assemblages can be used to quantify bottom-up linkages with flow webs, top ... level 2 and trophic position 2. Trichopterans, however, obtain their ...

food chains do not show the number of organisms at each trophic level. Pyramids of number are not always perfect pyramids because of large organisms at the bottom and small ones at the top.

Food web is an important conceptual tool for illustrating the feeding relationships among species within a community, revealing species interactions and community structure, and understanding the ...

The feeding sequence, showing the energy flow from producers to consumers, is called a food chain ... on bottom). These show the total mass of living organisms at each trophic level, which ...